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Termites are found on all continents except Antarctica. The diversity of termite species is reduced in North America and Europe (10 species known in Europe and 50 in North America), but is high in South America, where over 400 species have been known.34 Of the 3,000 termite species currently classified, 1,000 are found in Africa, where mounds are really abundant in certain regions.
As a result of their soft cuticles, termites do not inhabit cool or cold habitats.36 There are three ecological groups of termites: dampwood, drywood and subterranean. Dampwood termites are found only in coniferous forests, and drywood termites are found in hardwood forests; subterranean termites reside in widely diverse regions.34 One species in the drywood category is that the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), which can be an invasive species in Australia.37.
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Termites are usually modest, measuring between 4 to 15 millimetres (0.16 to 0.59Â in) in length.34 The biggest of all extant termites are the queens of the species Macrotermes bellicosus, measuring up to over 10 centimetres (4Â in) in length.38 Another giant termite, the extinct Gyatermes styriensis, thrived in Austria during the Miocene and had a wingspan of 76 millimetres (3.0Â in) and a body length of 25 millimetres (0.98Â in).39note 1. )
Most worker and soldier termites are blind as they do not have a pair of eyes. But some species, like Hodotermes mossambicus, have compound eyes that they use for orientation and to distinguish sunlight from moonlight.40 The alates (winged males and females) have eyes along with lateral ocelli.
Termite antennae have a number of functions like the sensing of touch, taste, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a scape, a pedicel (usually shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel). The mouth parts contain a maxillae, a labium, and a set of mandibles.
Consistent reference with all insects, the anatomy of this termite thorax consists of three segments: the prothorax, the mesothorax and the metathorax. Each segment contains a set of legs. On alates, the wings are located at the mesothorax and metathorax. The mesothorax and metathorax have well-developed exoskeletal plates; the prothorax has smaller plates. .
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Termites have a ten-segmented abdomen using two plates, the tergites and the sternites. The tenth abdominal segment has a pair of short cerci.45 You can find ten tergites, of which nine are wide and one is elongated. The reproductive organs are similar to people in cockroaches but are somewhat more simplified. For example, the intromittent organ is important source not present in penile alates, and the sperm is either immotile or aflagellate.
The non-reproductive castes of termites are wingless and rely exclusively on their six legs for locomotion. The alates fly only for a brief amount of time, and therefore they also rely on their legs. The appearance of the legs is comparable in each caste, but the soldiers have larger and heavier legs.
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The number of tibial spurs on an individual's leg fluctuates. Some species of termite have an arolium, found between the claws, which can be present in species that climb on smooth surfaces but is absent in most termites.49.
Unlike in ants, the hind-wings and fore-wings are of equal length.2 Most of the time, the alates are poor flyers; their technique is to launch themselves in the air and fly in a random direction. Studies show that in comparison to larger termites, smaller termites cannot fly long distances. When a termite is in flight, its wings remain at a ideal angle, and when the termite is at rest, its wings remain parallel to the body.51.
Worker termites undertake the most labour within the colony, being responsible for foraging, food storage, and brood and nest maintenance.53 Workers are tasked with the digestion of cellulose in meals and are consequently the most likely caste to be found in infested timber. The process browse around these guys of worker termites feeding other nestmates is known as trophallaxis.
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Some termite species do not own a legitimate worker caste, instead relying on nymphs that do the same work without differentiating as a distinct caste.53.